Appendices

Figures

Appendices
fig--full

FIG. 1

Techniques of Renaissance Venetian Glassworking Reference Collection

The Reference Collection: 35 Corning Museum of Glass objects selected to illustrate most of the structure- and decoration-producing techniques used in Renaissance Venetian glassworking. View all objects in the Visual Guide to Objects and Techniques.

Used In: How to Use This Resource
FIG. 1

FIG. 2

FIG. 2. The earliest closely datable inflated glass artifacts: blue glass tubes with one end blown bulbous. Mid-first century B.C. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: CMoG, with the permission of Hillel Geva, Israel Exploration Society

The earliest closely datable inflated glass artifacts: blue glass tubes with one end blown bulbous. Mid-first century B.C. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass, with the permission of Hillel Geva, Israel Exploration Society.

Used In: The Earliest Inflated Glass
FIG. 2

FIG. 3

Illustration - refiuse of a glass workshop, with multiple vessel fragments

The earliest closely datable inflated glass artifacts: narrow-necked bottles with striped decoration. Mid-first century B.C. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass, with the permission of Hillel Geva, Israel Exploration Society.

Used In: The Earliest Inflated Glass
FIG. 3

FIG. 4

The Ein Gedi bottle. Mid-first century B.C. H. about 12.7 cm. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem/by Peter Lany.

The Ein Gedi bottle. Mid-first century B.C. H. about 12.7 cm. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem/by Peter Lany.

Used In: Later First-Century B.C. Evidence
FIG. 4

FIG. 5

FIG. 5. Fresco, still life with peach branch. Roman Empire, Pompeii, first century A.D. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library / G. Nimatallah / Bridgeman Images.

Fresco, still life with peach branch. Roman Empire, Pompeii, first century A.D. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library / G. Nimatallah / Bridgeman Images.

Used In: Later First-Century B.C. Evidence
FIG. 5

FIG. 6

FIG. 6. Ribbon flask. Roman Empire, first century A.D. H. 9 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (2003.276). Photo: The J. Paul Getty Museum.

Ribbon flask. Roman Empire, first century A.D. H. 9 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (2003.276). Photo: The J. Paul Getty Museum.

Used In: Later First-Century B.C. Evidence
FIG. 6

FIG. 7

FIG. 7. Cup with gladiators. Roman Empire, first century A.D. H. 7.1 cm, D. (rim) 7.5 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (54.1.84).

Cup with gladiators. Roman Empire, first century A.D. H. 7.1 cm, D. (rim) 7.5 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (54.1.84).

Used In: Later First-Century B.C. Evidence
FIG. 7

FIG. 8

FIG. 8. Terra-cotta mold for an Ennion cup in The Corning Museum of Glass (66.1.36). The mold is thinly lined with soot. Reproduction made by David Hill, 2015. Photo: Mark Taylor, courtesy of David Hill.

Terra-cotta mold for an Ennion cup in The Corning Museum of Glass (66.1.36). The mold is thinly lined with soot. Reproduction made by David Hill, 2015. Photo: Mark Taylor, courtesy of David Hill.

Used In: Later First-Century B.C. Evidence
FIG. 8

FIG. 9

FIG. 9. Flask with doves. Cologne, mid-third century. H. 24.5 cm. Römisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Köln (inv. no. 674). Photo: Rheinisches Bildarchiv Köln (RBA_mf140875).

Flask with doves. Cologne, mid-third century. H. 24.5 cm. Römisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Köln (inv. no. 674). Photo: Rheinisches Bildarchiv Köln (RBA_mf140875).

Used In: Later First-Century B.C. Evidence
FIG. 9

FIG. 10

FIG. 10. The “Masterpiece.” Cologne, second half of the third century. H. 27.5 cm, W. 16.0 cm. Römisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Köln (inv. no. 541). Photo: Rheinisches Bildarchiv Köln (RBA_d030714_1).

The “Masterpiece.” Cologne, second half of the third century. H. 27.5 cm, W. 16.0 cm. Römisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Köln (inv. no. 541). Photo: Rheinisches Bildarchiv Köln (RBA_d030714_1).

Used In: Later First-Century B.C. Evidence
FIG. 10

FIG. 11

FIG. 11. Verre des Augustins. France, late 14th century. H. 17.8 cm. Musée Départemental des Antiquités, Rouen (1959.4-14.1). Photo: Musée Départemental des Antiquités, Rouen (cg76); © Yohann Deslandes.

Verre des Augustins. France, late 14th century. H. 17.8 cm. Musée Départemental des Antiquités, Rouen (1959.4-14.1). Photo: Musée Départemental des Antiquités, Rouen (cg76); © Yohann Deslandes.

Used In: The Medieval Period
FIG. 11

FIG. 12

FIG. 12. San Marco Bowl, gilded, enameled. Byzantine, probably 10th century. H. 17 cm, D. 17 cm. Treasury of San Marco, Venice (109). Photo: Cameraphoto Arte, Venice / Art Resource, NY.

San Marco Bowl, gilded, enameled. Byzantine, probably 10th century. H. 17 cm, D. 17 cm. Treasury of San Marco, Venice (109). Photo: Cameraphoto Arte, Venice / Art Resource, NY.

Used In: The Medieval Period
FIG. 12

FIG. 13

FIG. 13. The Palmer Cup, gilded, enameled. Islamic, possibly Syria or Egypt, early 12th century. H. 26.3 cm; D. (rim) 13.2 cm, (base) 12 cm. The British Museum, London (WB.53). Photo: © The Trustees of The British Museum (WB.53AN1501269001).

The Palmer Cup, gilded, enameled. Islamic, possibly Syria or Egypt, early 12th century. H. 26.3 cm; D. (rim) 13.2 cm, (base) 12 cm. The British Museum, London (WB.53). Photo: © The Trustees of The British Museum (WB.53AN1501269001).

Used In: The Medieval Period
FIG. 13

FIG. 14

FIG. 14. The Aldrevandin Beaker. Probably Venice, about 1330. H. 13 cm, D. 10.9 cm. The British Museum, London (1876,1104.3). Photo: © The Trustees of The British Museum (1876.1104.3AN32286001).

The Aldrevandin Beaker. Probably Venice, about 1330. H. 13 cm, D. 10.9 cm. The British Museum, London (1876,1104.3). Photo: © The Trustees of The British Museum (1876.1104.3AN32286001).

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 14

FIG. 15

FIG. 15. Fragment of heraldic beaker, found in goldsmith’s quarter of London at 7–10 Foster Lane. Probably Venice, about 1290–1325. H. 9.5 cm, D. 8.8 cm. Museum of London (OST82[190]<128>). Photo: © Museum of London.

Fragment of heraldic beaker, found in goldsmith’s quarter of London at 7–10 Foster Lane. Probably Venice, about 1290–1325. H. 9.5 cm, D. 8.8 cm. Museum of London (OST82[190]<128>). Photo: © Museum of London.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 15

FIG. 16

FIG. 16. Three soffiettas. The two on the left were made by Carlo Dona of Murano, and the one on the right was made by William Gudenrath. Photo: Harry Seaman, The Studio of The Corning Museum of Glass.

Three soffiettas. The two on the left were made by Carlo Dona of Murano, and the one on the right was made by William Gudenrath. Photo: Harry Seaman, The Studio of The Corning Museum of Glass.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 16

FIG. 17

FIG. 17. The process of forming the upper half of a beaker using only jacks (shown in Figures 17–21) begins with forming the lower half of the vessel, attaching it to a pontil, and removing it from the blowpipe. Photos for Figures 17–29 are from William G

The process of forming the upper half of a beaker like the Palmer Cup, using only jacks (shown in Figures 17–21), begins with forming the lower half of the vessel, attaching it to a pontil, and removing it from the blowpipe. Photos for Figures 17–29 are from William Gudenrath, “Glassblowing in the Middle Ages: Tradition and Innovation,” in David Whitehouse, with contributions by William Gudenrath and Karl Hans Wedepohl, Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes, and Peasants, Corning: The Corning Museum of Glass, 2010, pp. 78–82, figs. 6–18.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 17

FIG. 18

FIG. 18. The upper half of the vessel is reheated and softened in the furnace.

The upper half of the vessel is reheated and softened in the furnace.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 18

FIG. 19

FIG. 19. While the pontil is turned, the jacks are used to expand the sides.

While the pontil is turned, the jacks are used to expand the sides.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 19

FIG. 20

FIG. 20. After further reheating, shaping continues.

After further reheating, shaping continues.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 20

FIG. 21

FIG. 21. The working cycle of reheating and shaping continues until the beaker has been completed. (Tool marks left from the jacks can be seen covering the interior of the beaker.) The finished object is removed from the pontil and annealed.

The working cycle of reheating and shaping continues until the beaker has been completed. (Tool marks left from the jacks can be seen covering the interior of the beaker.) The finished object is removed from the pontil and annealed.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 21

FIG. 22

FIG. 22. The process of forming the upper half of a beaker using both jacks and the soffietta (shown in Figures 22–29) begins with forming the lower half of the vessel, attaching it to a pontil, and removing it from the blowpipe.

The process of forming the upper half of a beaker using both jacks and the soffietta (shown in Figures 22–29) begins with forming the lower half of a vessel like the Aldrevandin Beaker, attaching it to a pontil, and removing it from the blowpipe.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 22

FIG. 23

FIG. 23. The upper third of the vessel is reheated and softened in the furnace.

The upper third of the vessel is reheated and softened in the furnace.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 23

FIG. 24

FIG. 24. While the pontil is turned, the jacks are used to enlarge the diameter of the opening to about an inch (2.5 cm).

While the pontil is turned, the jacks are used to enlarge the diameter of the opening to about an inch (2.5 cm).

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 24

FIG. 25

FIG. 25. The upper half of the vessel is reheated.

The upper half of the vessel is reheated.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 25

FIG. 26

FIG. 26. The soffietta is used to expand the softened sides by inflation.

The soffietta is used to expand the softened sides by inflation.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 26

FIG. 27

FIG. 27. After the upper quarter of the vessel is reheated, the opening is enlarged to a diameter of about two inches (5 cm).

After the upper quarter of the vessel is reheated, the opening is enlarged to a diameter of about two inches (5 cm).

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 27

FIG. 28

FIG. 28. While the glass is still soft, the soffietta is employed to further expand the upper quarter of the beaker. (Note that the shaping with the soffietta leaves no tool marks on the glass.)

While the glass is still soft, the soffietta is employed to further expand the upper quarter of the beaker. (Note that the shaping with the soffietta leaves no tool marks on the glass.)

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 28

FIG. 29

FIG. 29. After the upper part is reheated, the jacks are used to give the final shape to the upper eighth or so of the vessel. (Tool marks left by the jacks can be seen only in the immediate vicinity of the rim.) The finished object is removed from the po

After the upper part is reheated, the jacks are used to give the final shape to the upper eighth or so of the vessel. (Tool marks left by the jacks can be seen only in the immediate vicinity of the rim.) The finished object is removed from the pontil and annealed.

Used In: The Aldrevandin Group
FIG. 29

FIG. 30

FIG. 30. Still life with crystal goblet, fruit, violin, and parrot. Gabriele Salci (active in the early 18th century), 1710–1720. Palais Liechtenstein, Vaduz. Photo: LIECHTENSTEIN. The Princely Collections, Vaduz-Vienna.

Still life with crystal goblet, fruit, violin, and parrot. Gabriele Salci (active in the early 18th century), 1710–1720. Palais Liechtenstein, Vaduz. Photo: LIECHTENSTEIN. The Princely Collections, Vaduz-Vienna.

Used In: Period of Pan-European Dominance
FIG. 30

FIG. 31

FIG. 31. Glass goblets decorated with polychrome enamel. Venice, Muranese glass factory, about 1708. Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen, Danske Kongers Kronologiske Samling. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images.

Glass goblets decorated with polychrome enamel. Venice, Muranese glass factory, about 1708. Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen, Danske Kongers Kronologiske Samling. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images.

Used In: 18th-Century Decline
FIG. 31

FIG. 32

FIG. 32. Covered goblet decorated with the reticello technique. Probably Venice, late 17th–early 18th century. H. 27.7 cm, D. (cover) 9.5 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.174, gift of The Ruth Bryan Strauss Memorial Foundation).

Covered goblet decorated with the reticello technique. Probably Venice, late 17th–early 18th century. H. 27.7 cm, D. (cover) 9.5 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.174, gift of The Ruth Bryan Strauss Memorial Foundation).

Used In: 18th-Century Decline
FIG. 32

FIG. 33

FIG. 33. The Rothschild Bowl, opaque white glass with gold and enamel decoration. Venice, about 1500–1510. H. 5.9 cm, D. (rim) 14.1 cm, (foot) 6.3 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (76.3.17, purchased with funds from the Museum Endowment Fund).

The Rothschild Bowl, opaque white glass with gold and enamel decoration. Venice, about 1500–1510. H. 5.9 cm, D. (rim) 14.1 cm, (foot) 6.3 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (76.3.17, purchased with funds from the Museum Endowment Fund).

Used In: 18th-Century Decline
FIG. 33

FIG. 34

FIG. 34. Plate, opaque white glass enameled with a view of the Church of the Carita, Venice. Probably Venice, Miotti glasshouse, 1741. D. (rim) 22.4 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (66.3.38).

Plate, opaque white glass enameled with a view of the Church of the Carita, Venice. Probably Venice, Miotti glasshouse, 1741. D. (rim) 22.4 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (66.3.38).

Used In: 18th-Century Decline
FIG. 34

FIG. 35

FIG. 35. Covered beaker, calcedonio glass. Europe, 18th century. OH. 17.6 cm, H. (beaker) 12.3 cm; D. (beaker) 8.4 cm, (cover) 9 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.487, bequest of Jerome Strauss).

Covered beaker, calcedonio glass. Europe, 18th century. OH. 17.6 cm, H. (beaker) 12.3 cm; D. (beaker) 8.4 cm, (cover) 9 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.487, bequest of Jerome Strauss).

Used In: Revival and Continuing Influence
FIG. 35

FIG. 36

Bottle in filigrana policroma. Venice, Murano, about 1846. Museo del Vetro, Murano. Photo: 2015 © Photo Archive—Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia.

Bottle in filigrana policroma. Venice, Murano, about 1846. Museo del Vetro, Murano. Photo: 2015 © Photo Archive—Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia.

Used In: Revival and Continuing Influence
FIG. 36

FIG. 37

FIG. 37. Glass furnace, showing the upper annealing chamber. Vannoccio Biringuccio (Italian, 1480–1539). In De la pirotechnia, [Venice], 1540. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (93699). Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass.

Glass furnace, showing the upper annealing chamber. Vannoccio Biringuccio (Italian, 1480–1539). In De la pirotechnia, [Venice], 1540. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (93699). Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass.

Used In: Inside a Renaissance Glasshouse
FIG. 37

FIG. 38

FIG. 38. Glass furnace, with annealing furnace attached. Georg Agricola (German, 1494–1555). In De re metallica, Basel, 1556. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (93693). Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass (24020).

Glass furnace, with annealing furnace attached. Georg Agricola (German, 1494–1555). In De re metallica, Basel, 1556. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (93693). Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass (24020).

Used In: Inside a Renaissance Glasshouse
FIG. 38

FIG. 39

FIG. 39. Glass furnace, with workers. Georg Agricola (German, 1494–1555). In De re metallica [Berckwerck Buch, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1580, p. cccxc]. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (66820). Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass.

Glass furnace, with workers. Georg Agricola (German, 1494–1555). In De re metallica [Berckwerck Buch, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1580, p. cccxc]. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (66820). Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass.

Used In: Inside a Renaissance Glasshouse
FIG. 39

FIG. 40

FIG. 40. The Medici Glass Workshop (detail). Giovanni Maria Butteri (Italian, 1540–about 1606), 1570. Palazzo Vecchio, Studiolo of Francesco I. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, NY.

The Medici Glass Workshop (detail). Giovanni Maria Butteri (Italian, 1540–about 1606), 1570. Palazzo Vecchio, Studiolo of Francesco I. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, NY.

Used In: Inside a Renaissance Glasshouse
FIG. 40

FIG. 41

FIG. 41. The Annunciation of the Virgin, oil on canvas. Paolo Veronese (Italian, 1528–1588), 1578. H. 279 cm, W. 551 cm. Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice. Photo: Alinari / Art Resource, NY.

The Annunciation of the Virgin, oil on canvas. Paolo Veronese (Italian, 1528–1588), 1578. H. 279 cm, W. 551 cm. Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice. Photo: Alinari / Art Resource, NY.

Used In: Inside a Renaissance Glasshouse
FIG. 41

FIG. 42

FIG. 42. “Glassworking at a Wood-Fired Furnace.” Denis Diderot (French, 1713–1784). In Encyclopédie [Selections], 1751–1772. Corning, New York: Corning Glass Center, n.d. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (67353). Photo: The Corning Muse

“Glassworking at a Wood-Fired Furnace.” Denis Diderot (French, 1713–1784). In Encyclopédie [Selections], 1751–1772. Corning, New York: Corning Glass Center, n.d. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass (67353). Photo: The Corning Museum of Glass.

Used In: Inside a Renaissance Glasshouse
FIG. 42

FIG. 43

FIG. 43. The Rothschild Bowl, opaque white glass with gold and enamel decoration. Venice, about 1500–1510. H. 5.9 cm, D. (rim) 14.1 cm, (foot) 6.3 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (76.3.17, purchased with funds from the Museum Endowment Fund).

The Rothschild Bowl, opaque white glass with gold and enamel decoration. Venice, about 1500–1510. H. 5.9 cm, D. (rim) 14.1 cm, (foot) 6.3 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (76.3.17, purchased with funds from the Museum Endowment Fund).

Used In: Glass as a Material in Renaissance Venice
FIG. 43

FIG. 44

FIG. 44. The Turquoise Goblet. Venice, about 1500. H. 18.9 cm. The British Museum, London (WB.55). Photo: © The Trustees of The British Museum (WB.55AN1537486001).

The Turquoise Goblet. Venice, about 1500. H. 18.9 cm. The British Museum, London (WB.55). Photo: © The Trustees of The British Museum (WB.55AN1537486001).

Used In: Glass as a Material in Renaissance Venice
FIG. 44

FIG. 45

FIG. 45. Armorial goblet, blown, mold-blown, tooled, enameled, gilded. Venice, possibly 1480–1490. H. 19.7 cm, D. (rim) 13.3 cm, (foot) 13.4 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.193, bequest of Jerome Strauss).

Armorial goblet, blown, mold-blown, tooled, enameled, gilded. Venice, possibly 1480–1490. H. 19.7 cm, D. (rim) 13.3 cm, (foot) 13.4 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.193, bequest of Jerome Strauss).

Used In: Glass as a Material in Renaissance Venice
FIG. 45

FIG. 46

FIG. 46. Jug, blown, engraved, tooled, applied. Venice, 1675–1725. H. 10.1 cm, D. 7.8 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (50.3.8).

Jug, blown, engraved, tooled, applied. Venice, 1675–1725. H. 10.1 cm, D. 7.8 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (50.3.8).

Used In: Glass as a Material in Renaissance Venice
FIG. 46

FIG. 47

FIG. 47. Winged goblet, blown, applied, tooled. Probably Venice, 17th century. H. 17.3 cm, W. 11.1 cm, D. (foot) 11 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (2000.3.13).

Winged goblet, blown, applied, tooled. Probably Venice, 17th century. H. 17.3 cm, W. 11.1 cm, D. (foot) 11 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (2000.3.13).

Used In: Glass as a Material in Renaissance Venice
FIG. 47

FIG. 48

FIG. 48. Ewer, calcedonio glass. Venice, about 1500–1525. H. 30 cm, D. (rim) 8 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (2001.3.56, gift of Robert and Deborah Truitt).

Ewer, calcedonio glass. Venice, about 1500–1525. H. 30 cm, D. (rim) 8 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (2001.3.56, gift of Robert and Deborah Truitt).

Used In: Glass as a Material in Renaissance Venice
FIG. 48

FIG. 49

FIG. 49. Beaker, translucent opalescent lattimo glass. Venice, 17th century. H. 9.3 cm, D. (rim) 7.4 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (71.3.171, gift of Jerome Strauss).

Beaker, translucent opalescent lattimo glass. Venice, 17th century. H. 9.3 cm, D. (rim) 7.4 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (71.3.171, gift of Jerome Strauss).

Used In: Glass as a Material in Renaissance Venice
FIG. 49

FIG. 50

Nine vessels showing color variation of earlier glass

A selection of Venetian objects of about 1500–1700 in the collection of The Corning Museum of Glass, showing a variety of tints of cristallo (left to right, top to bottom): 79.3.185, 60.3.88, 51.3.117, 2009.3.88, 62.3.57, 71.3.1, 86.3.106, 54.3.15, and 56.3.57.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 50

FIG. 51

a selection of vessels showing glass color of later objects

A selection of Venetian objects of about 1860 or later in the collection of The Corning Museum of Glass, showing a colorless glass and a variety of colored glasses used in stile antico objects (left to right, top to bottom): 58.3.179, 79.3.273, 54.3.246, and 59.3.24.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 51

FIG. 52

covered chalice in rose and gold glass with ornamentation

An example of disbursed gold covering most of the blown surfaces of a Venetian object made after 1860. The Corning Museum of Glass (62.3.118).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 52

FIG. 53

iridescent glass vessel

An example of iridescence resulting from the long-term burial of a 17th-century façon de Venise goblet fragment. Probably Low Countries. Private collection.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 53

FIG. 54

later iridescent glass vessel

An example of iridescence resulting from chemicals (stannous chloride?) having been sprayed on the hot glass during the last stages of manufacture. Made after 1860. Private collection.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 54

FIG. 55a

five earlier objects, illustrating lighter weight

A selection of early Venetian goblets, illustrating a pattern of lighter weight. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.563, 63.3.8, 74.3.163, 2000.3.10, and 51.3.119)

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 55a

FIG. 55b

fiver later objects, illustrating heavier weights (117 - 162 grams)

A selection of later Venetian goblets, illustrating a pattern of heavier weight. Private collection.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 55b

FIG. 56

punty scar on bottom of foot

Lower surface of the foot of a 16th-century goblet, showing a typical punty mark. Private Collection.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 56

FIG. 57

later Venetian object with detail of punty mark on bottom

Crown-type punty mark on a Venetian object made after 1860.  The Corning Museum of Glass (73.3.440).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 57

FIG. 58

goblet with detail of tool marks on cup and foot

Venetian goblet made in the 16th or 17th century, showing “start/stop” tool marks. (These are very difficult to see in photographs). The Corning Museum of Glass (67.3.48).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 58

FIG. 59

six goblet stems illustrating wall thickness and profile

A selection of 16th–17th-century goblets in The Corning Museum of Glass collection, showing the characteristic profile of the stem, with uniformity of wall thickness from top to bottom.  Left to right, top to bottom: 79.3.212, 2000.3.11, 2009.3.85, 2009.3.86, 79.3.453, and 2000.3.10.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 59

FIG. 60

sherbet glass. Colorless, transparent cobalt blue glass; blown, tooled, molded, gilded, etched

Venetian goblet made after 1860, showing increase in wall thickness of lowermost stem, where the diameter is reduced; also showing “chicken-leg” form of stem, and attachment of foot to edge of merese. The Corning Museum of Glass (93.3.61).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 60

FIG. 61

detail of later venetian goblet showing stem and foot

Venetian goblet made after 1860, showing increase in wall thickness of lowermost stem, where the diameter is reduced; also showing “chicken-leg” form of stem, and attachment of foot to edge of merese. Private collection.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 61

FIG. 62

wineglass with colorless, white, green, and gold non-lead glass

Venetian goblet made after 1860, showing increase in wall thickness of lowermost stem, where the diameter is reduced; also showing “chicken-leg” form of stem, and attachment of foot to edge of merese. The Corning Museum of Glass (66.3.64).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 62

FIG. 63

detail of goblet feet with merese

A selection of 16th–17th-century goblets in The Corning Museum of Glass collection, showing the characteristic shape of the merese at the bottom of the stem.  Left to right, top to bottom: 79.3.212, 2000.3.11, 2009.3.85, 2009.3.86, 79.3.453, and 2000.3.10.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 63

FIG. 64

goblet foot with tool marks

Lower surface of foot of 16th-century Venetian goblet, showing “deep, gouging” tool marks. The Corning Museum of Glass (67.3.48). 

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 64

FIG. 65

bowl

Venetian bowl of about 1500, showing multiple elongated blister-type bubbles between two gathers of glass in mezza-stampatura decoration. The Corning Museum of Glass (60.3.2).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 65

FIG. 66

flame polished shear marks on handles

Venetian goblet of the 16th or 17th century with “chain and scroll” decoration and “early,” smooth, fire-polished shear marks at lowermost parts of scrolls (see arrow). The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.212).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 66

FIG. 67

handle with sharp shear marks

Venetian object, made after 1860, having “late,” sharp shear marks at lowermost part of handles, as well as at uppermost part of pincered decoration atop handles (see arrows). The Corning Museum of Glass (73.3.440).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 67

FIG. 68

wineglass: trumpet shaped bowl with fire-polished rim and two applied handles

Venetian goblet of the 16th or 17th century with “chain and scroll” decoration, showing that all parts of this construction are flat and ribbonlike. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.212).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 68

FIG. 69a

Tazza. Wide, shallow circular bowl with wide, slightly rolled over and downturned rim with infolded edge

Footed platter with gently twisted mezza-stampatura , enameling, and gold-leaf decoration. Venice, late 15th to early 16th centuries. D. 26.3 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (51.3.117).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 69a

FIG. 69b

Tazza detail

Bottom of platter, showing gold-leaf and dot pattern in center, which sharply contrasts with decoration near rim; double pontil mark is also visible. The Corning Museum of Glass (51.3.117).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 69b

FIG. 70a

Nuptial Goblet. Translucent dark green

Nuptial goblet with polychrome enameled and gold-leaf decoration. The slight elongation of the enamel dots and the subtle, radially oriented breaking up of the gold-leaf decoration near the rim indicate that the diameter of the upper part of the object was slightly expanded when it was fired. Venice, late 15th century.  H. 19.9 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.170, bequest of Jerome Strauss).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 70a

FIG. 70b

Nuptial Goblet. Translucent dark green - detail

Detail of goblet, showing double pontil mark on bottom (apex of foot). The second (or firing) pontil mark covers the lower three-quarters of the first mark, which was produced when the blank was made. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.170, bequest of Jerome Strauss).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 70b

FIG. 71

Plate. Colorless. Blown; gilded, enameled

Detail showing upper, undecorated surface of enameled plate with gold-leaf decoration. The surface irregularities correspond to the presence or absence of enameled dots on the other side, indicating significant and prolonged softening of the vessel wall during the firing process (the rim area is similar to that of the footed platter shown in Figure 68a). Venice, late 15th to early 16th centuries.  D. 24.1 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (54.3.244).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 71

FIG. 72

detail of footed beaker with human, animal, and plant-shaped decoration

Conical footed beaker with polychrome enameled and gold-leaf decoration, viewed at the level of the rim. The areas with the greatest concentrations of enamel have produced localized thickening of the vessel wall that, in turn, resulted in the downward movement of the rim above them. Venice, late 15th to early 16th centuries.  H. 13.3 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.191, bequest of Jerome Strauss).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 72

FIG. 73

handled ewer

Ewer with polychrome enameled and gold-leaf decoration. The handle at both the lower and upper attachment points sits atop the still clearly visible decoration.  During the formation of the spout, the addition of molten glass re-softened the wall and its decoration was drawn out, striating the enamel dots. Venice, late 15th or early 16th century.  H. 27.2 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (84.DK.512). Photo: © J. Paul Getty Trust.

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 73

FIG. 74

group of Venetian style objects

Group of replicas (some of which may have been intended as forgeries) and objects imitating historical styles, decorated with polychrome enamels, gold leaf, and gold paint. None of these objects exhibits any evidence that the decoration was fired in a furnace while the piece was reattached to a pontil.  A distinctly different process, and one that was only recently possible, was employed here. The decoration was fired while these objects sat in a kiln.  H. (tallest) 41.1 cm. The Corning Museum of Glass (79.3.850, bequest of Jerome Strauss; 78.3.16, gift of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Appleton; 66.3.13, gift in part of Edwin J. Beinecke; 96.3.13; and 79.3.339, gift of The Ruth Bryan Strauss Memorial Foundation).

Used In: Comparative Table of Differences Between Earlier and Later Venetian Glass Vessels
FIG. 74